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The rich country with the worst mobile-phone service

5G networks are fast. Their roll-out is not

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(The Economist)

BRITAIN HAS long been a pioneer in telecoms. In 1837 it built the world’s first commercial telegraph; the first transatlantic call was placed from London in 1927; in 1992 a British programmer sent the first text message to a mobile phone.

Today it lags rather than leads. According to figures provided to The Economist by Opensignal, a research firm, Britain ranks 46th for download speeds out of the 56 developed and developing countries for which there are data (see chart).

That gives it the worst mobile service in the rich world. Some of this is due to demand. Over the past three years data usage on mobile devices has doubled as people stream films and play games.

The busiest parts of cities often lack mobile reception because the system is at capacity. But mainly it is an issue of supply.

British users of 5G—the fifth generation of networks, which offers speeds up to ten times faster than 4G—are only on it 11% of the time. That puts Britain 43rd out of the 56 countries.

This lacklustre performance is caused by a combination of government U-turns, insufficient investment and sclerotic planning.

First, the U-turns. Until 2020 Britain’s four mobile operators were enthusiastic buyers of 5G equipment manufactured by Huawei, a Chinese firm.

But after intense lobbying from America, Britain’s politicians reversed course: telecoms operators must now remove all their 5G Huawei equipment by 2027. 

This has delayed 5G’s roll-out. The country’s four mobile providers—BT/EE, O2, Three and Vodafone—have spent about £2bn ($2.6bn) over the past four years ripping out and replacing Huawei equipment. Second, the need for more investment.

About 90% of Britain’s 5G signals are broadcast from bolt-ons to the existing 4G network.

This “non-stand-alone” version of 5G does not allow “network slicing”, a way to get greater capacity in congested areas, or the quick response times needed to communicate with new technologies such as self-driving cars.

A new “core network” using stand-alone technology must be installed to get the full benefits of 5G. But, according to Frontier Economics, a consultancy, the four mobile operators are likely to invest only about £9bn of the £22bn-32bn required.

A marriage might help. Vodafone and Three, the country’s third- and fourth-largest mobile operators, say they are too small to justify the high capital expenditure of stand-alone 5G, and that they would invest £11bn over a decade if they could merge.

Karen Egan of Enders Analysis, a consultancy, estimates that synergies would result in a 30% increase in network capacity. 

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), a watchdog, is due to decide on the merger on December 7th; it has suggested that 5G investment would be a legally binding condition for a deal. Even if the CMA allows the merger, improving 5G network capacity means erecting more masts.

In 2022 the rules were loosened to permit masts less than 30 metres high to be built without having to seek planning permission. But operators still complain.

Shorter masts cover a smaller area, so more must be built. O2 says it takes at least six months to get a decision on a mast over 30 metres high; applications are often stymied by local opposition.

Overcoming these obstacles is vital for achieving the goal of universal 5G by 2030.

It will also be needed for the eventual roll-out of 6G. In laboratory environments the next generation of mobile networks has reportedly notched up speeds 100 times faster than 5G. Britain is anything but that.■

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UPDATE: Dangote Refinery Cuts Fuel Prices, Updates Petrol Supply

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Dangote Refinery has announced a nationwide petrol price cut, ahead of the launch of its direct fuel distribution initiative now set for Monday, September 15, 2025.

Originally scheduled for August 15, the initiative will see the $20 billion, 650,000 bpd refinery deliver petrol and diesel directly to consumers using 4,000 CNG trucks, with zero logistics cost.

Despite an ongoing dispute with NUPENG, Dangote Group released a fresh price template on its X account, confirming its gantry price remains N820 per litre.

Retail prices have dropped to N841 per litre in Lagos and the South-West (from N860), and N851 per litre in Abuja, South-South, and North Central states (from N885)—a reduction of N19 to N34 per litre, depending on the location.

The new prices apply only to MRS and Dangote’s official distribution partners, as independent marketers are not bound by the template.

Meanwhile, NUPENG has threatened a fresh strike, accusing Dangote of reneging on earlier agreements—a claim the company denies, affirming workers’ right to union membership.

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Dangote Refinery Mgt Says Workers Union Membership is Personal Choices

It urged NUPENG to focus on resolving its internal dispute with the Petrol Tanker Drivers unit rather than “embroiling the refinery in its conflicts.

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Dangote Petroleum Refinery has said membership of trade unions by its employees remains voluntary and not compulsory, in line with the Nigerian Constitution and International Labour Organisation conventions.

In a statement made available to Ohibaba.com, the company accused what it described as “distortions of facts” by the Nigeria Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers concerning its trade relations with workers.

The refinery stressed that it does not interfere with or restrict employees’ right to freely join legally recognised unions.

“It is therefore misplaced to attribute responsibility to Dangote Petroleum Refinery for the personal choices made by drivers regarding union affiliation,” the company stated.

Dangote dismissed allegations that it forced drivers to sign contracts barring union membership, describing the claim as unfounded.

It urged NUPENG to focus on resolving its internal dispute with the Petrol Tanker Drivers unit rather than “embroiling the refinery in its conflicts.

”The company added that accusations of union suppression formed part of a broader attempt to undermine private sector progress.

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NUPENG Dangote Union Memberships Agreement Collapses: What Happened Again?

Akporeha alleged that within 48 hours, Dantata ordered drivers to strip NUPENG stickers from their vehicles and forcefully enter the refinery in violation of union loading procedures.

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The agreement between the Nigerian Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers and the Dangote Petroleum Refinery has collapsed, and here’s why.

The confrontation follows allegations by NUPENG that the Dangote Group reneged on a Memorandum of Understanding signed earlier this week, under which the refinery agreed to allow tanker drivers and other workers to freely unionise.

On Thursday, NUPENG’s National President, Williams Akporeha, accused Sayyu Aliu Dantata, a cousin of Aliko Dangote and key player in the refinery’s trucking operations, of defying the resolution reached on September 9 at the Department of State Services headquarters in Abuja.

The meeting, mediated by the Minister of Labour and Employment, Muhammadu Dingyadi, affirmed the rights of Petroleum Tanker Drivers under NUPENG to unionise. Representatives of the Nigeria Labour Congress, Trade Union Congress, DSS, and other agencies witnessed the signing of the MoU.

But Akporeha alleged that within 48 hours, Dantata ordered drivers to strip NUPENG stickers from their vehicles and forcefully enter the refinery in violation of union loading procedures.

“Alhaji Sayyu Aliu Dantata flew over them several times with his helicopter and then called the navy of the Federal Republic to come over ostensibly to crush the union officials. Our members are waiting for him and his agents to run them over,” Akporeha said in a statement.

The union condemned what it described as Dantata’s “impunity” and warned the Federal Government not to allow security agencies funded by taxpayers to be used against workers.

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