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The Role of Certificate of Occupancy in Property Valuation Method in Nigeria by Dennis Isong
In Nigeria’s real estate landscape, property valuation serves as a crucial process that determines the worth of a property for various purposes, including buying, selling, and securing loans.
One significant document that plays a pivotal role in this process is the Certificate of Occupancy (C of O). This legal document, issued by the state government, confirms an individual’s right to use and occupy land for a specified period.
Understanding the interplay between the C of O and property valuation is essential for investors, developers, and homeowners alike, as it can significantly influence market perceptions and property prices.
Understanding the Certificate of Occupancy
The Certificate of Occupancy is a legal document that signifies ownership and the right to occupy land.
In Nigeria, land ownership is primarily governed by statutory laws, customary laws, and the Land Use Act of 1978, which mandates that all land in urban areas is owned by the government.
Thus, the issuance of a C of O is necessary to establish a legal claim over any parcel of land. Obtaining a C of O is a comprehensive process that involves several steps, including land survey, payment of necessary fees, and completion of relevant documentation.
Once issued, the C of O provides security to the landowner by guaranteeing their rights against unlawful eviction or encroachment.
This security is a significant factor in property valuation. Properties with a valid C of O are generally seen as more valuable and less risky compared to those without, as the certificate signifies legal recognition and ownership rights.
C of O and Market Perception
The presence of a C of O can significantly influence market perception and the demand for a property. Properties with a valid Certificate of Occupancy are typically viewed as more desirable by potential buyers and investors.
This perception stems from the legal security that a C of O provides. Buyers are more likely to invest in properties with a C of O because they have assurance that their rights are protected, and the likelihood of disputes regarding ownership is minimized.
Moreover, lenders and financial institutions often require a C of O before approving loans for property purchases or developments.
A valid C of O enhances the credibility of the property, making it easier for buyers to secure financing.
In Nigeria, a C of O is usually granted for 99 years, and this long tenure can positively influence a property’s valuation.
This accessibility to finance, in turn, can lead to increased property demand, thereby driving up its valuation.
Conversely, properties lacking a C of O may be perceived as risky investments, resulting in lower valuations and reduced buyer interest.
Thus, the C of O serves as a critical indicator of a property’s reliability and marketability.
C of O in the Property Valuation Process
In the property valuation process, a valuer considers various factors to determine the value of a property. These factors typically include location, size, condition, and comparable sales in the area. However, the existence of a C of O is often a prominent consideration.
During the valuation process, valuers will assess the C of O to ascertain the legal standing of the property.
A valid C of O not only confirms ownership but also indicates compliance with local land use regulations, zoning laws, and building codes. Valuers may also take into account the duration of the C of O.
In Nigeria, a C of O is usually granted for 99 years, and this long tenure can positively influence a property’s valuation.
The security provided by a long-term C of O assures potential buyers of their rights over the property for an extended period, making it a more attractive investment.
Conversely, properties without a C of O, or those with expired or disputed certificates, may be valued lower due to the inherent risks associated with such properties.
Furthermore, a C of O can impact future development potential, which is a crucial aspect of property valuation.
Properties with a valid C of O are more likely to receive the necessary approvals for development or alteration, while those without may face legal hurdles.
This potential for development can enhance the property’s value, as it indicates future income generation possibilities.
Consequently, valuers consider the C of O as a critical factor that influences the overall worth of the property in the market.
Challenges and Implications of C of O in Property Valuation
Despite its importance, the C of O is not without challenges. The process of obtaining a C of O can be lengthy and complex, leading to delays in property transactions.
In some cases, disputes over land ownership can arise, particularly in areas where customary land tenure systems are prevalent.
These disputes can complicate the valuation process, as properties with contentious C of Os may be difficult to sell and consequently valued lower.
Additionally, the presence of a C of O does not automatically guarantee a problem-free investment. Factors such as environmental issues, development restrictions, or changes in land use policies can affect property value.
Valuers must therefore conduct thorough due diligence, considering not only the existence of a C of O but also any associated risks or liabilities.
In conclusion, the Certificate of Occupancy plays a crucial role in property valuation methods in Nigeria.
As a legal document that signifies ownership and security, it significantly influences market perception and property demand.
Valuers must consider the C of O when assessing a property’s value, as it reflects the legal standing and development potential of the land.
However, challenges associated with the C of O, such as ownership disputes and regulatory complexities, must also be navigated to ensure accurate valuations.
For stakeholders in the Nigerian real estate market, understanding the importance of the C of O is vital for making informed investment decisions and maximizing property value.
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President Bola Tinubu has officially sworn in Professor Joash Amupitan as the new Chairman of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The ceremony followed the Senate’s confirmation of Amupitan’s appointment last week after a rigorous screening session on October 16.
At the swearing-in, President Tinubu tasked Amupitan with safeguarding the integrity of Nigeria’s elections and strengthening INEC’s institutional capacity.
“As the chairman of INEC, your nomination and confirmation reflect the confidence reposed in you by both the executive and legislative arms of government. This marks the start of a challenging yet rewarding journey, and I trust you will approach your duties with integrity, dedication, and patriotism,” Tinubu said.
Highlighting Nigeria’s democratic progress over 25 years, the President emphasized the need for continuous innovation and reform to maintain free, fair, and credible elections. He urged Amupitan to ensure transparency and public trust throughout the entire electoral process—from voter registration and campaigning to voting and counting.
Amupitan, a professor of law and Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN), arrived at the State House on Thursday dressed in traditional white agbada and gold cap ahead of the formal ceremony. He was accompanied by presidential aides.
During his Senate screening, the 58-year-old nominee pledged to restore credibility to Nigeria’s electoral process by prioritizing reforms, including strengthening the Electoral Act to resolve inconsistencies in election timelines and enhance transparency.
“We must conduct elections where even the loser congratulates the winner fairly,” Amupitan told senators, emphasizing the need to rebuild voter confidence.
He also clarified his neutrality by denying any involvement in President Tinubu’s legal team during the 2023 Presidential Election Petitions Court, stating, “I never appeared before the Presidential Election Tribunal or the Supreme Court for any party.”
Amupitan succeeds Professor Mahmood Yakubu as the sixth substantive INEC chairman since the commission’s establishment. He is expected to immediately begin the transition process at INEC headquarters in Abuja following his swearing-in.
Profile
Born on April 25, 1967, the 58-year-old Amupitan hails from Ayetoro Gbede in Ijumu Local Government Area of Kogi State. He is a Professor of Law at the University of Jos, Plateau State. He is also an alumnus of the university.
He specialises in Company Law, Law of Evidence, Corporate Governance and Privatisation Law. He became a Senior Advocate of Nigeria in September 2014.
After completing primary and secondary education, he attended Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, from 1982 to 1984, and the University of Jos from 1984 to 1987. He was called to the bar in 1988.
Amupitan earned an LLM at UNIJOS in 1993 and a PhD in 2007, amid an academic career that began in 1989, following his National Youth Service at the Bauchi State Publishing Corporation in Bauchi from 1988 to 1989.
He currently serves as the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Administration) at the University of Jos, a position he holds in conjunction with being the Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council of Joseph Ayo Babalola University in Osun State.
Among the academic positions he has held at UNIJOS are: Chairman of the Committee of Deans and Directors (2012-2014); Dean of the Faculty of Law (2008-2014); and Head of Public Law (2006-2008).
Outside of academics, Amupitan serves as a board member of Integrated Dairies Limited in Vom, a member of the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies Governing Council, and a member of the Council of Legal Education (2008-2014), among other roles. He was a board member of Riss Oil Limited, Abuja(1996-2004).
Amupitan is the author of many books on law, such as Corporate Governance: Models and Principles(2008); Documentary Evidence in Nigeria (2008); Evidence Law: Theory and Practice in Nigeria(2013), Principles of Company Law(2013) and an Introduction to the Law of Trust in Nigeria (2014).
He is married and has four children.
Dangote Group has denied owning the truck that crushed a pregnant woman, a child, and six others to death in an accident in Akungba-Akoko, Akoko South-West Local Government Area of Ondo State.
The company issued the clarification in a statement on its X account on Wednesday.
The statement followed reports that a cement-laden truck suffered brake failure and rammed into traders and other road users.
Reacting, Dangote Group said the truck involved in the tragic incident does not belong to the group or any of its subsidiaries.
It added that vehicle registration records confirm the truck is owned and operated by an independent logistics company with no affiliation to Dangote Group.
“Dangote Group has refuted reports circulating on social media and in some online platforms linking it to a truck involved in a road accident in Akungba-Akoko, Akoko South-West Local Government Area of Ondo State.
“The company wishes to make it categorically clear that the truck involved in the unfortunate incident does not belong to Dangote Group or any of its subsidiaries.
“Verified vehicle registration details confirm that the truck with Plate No. JJJ 365 XB is owned and operated by an independent logistics company with no affiliation to Dangote Group,” the statement reads.
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VIDEO: Sowore Arrested at Federal High Court Premises, Abuja, After Meeting Nnamdi Kanu.
“The commissioner of police said we should bring you to the office,” the policeman said.
Police operatives have arrested former presidential candidate and human rights activist, Omoyele Sowore, in Abuja, the nation’s capital.
Sowore was forcibly taken away by armed police officers from the Federal High Court premises in Abuja on Thursday, October 23, 2025, shortly after attending the court session of detained IPOB leader Nnamdi Kanu.
Sowore, who has been leading campaigns for Kanu’s release, was confronted by security operatives who insisted he accompany them to the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Police Command.
Eyewitnesses disclosed that the officers surrounded him moments after he exited the courtroom, refusing to disclose specific details about his alleged offence.
When questioned by onlookers, one of the policemen stated that they were acting on the directive of the FCT Commissioner of Police.
“The commissioner of police said we should bring you to the office,” the policeman said.
As of the time of filing this report, the reason for Sowore’s arrest and his current whereabouts remain unclear.
Credit: Punch
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