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Understanding the Types of Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria by Dennis Isong

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A Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) is a crucial legal document that establishes the right of an individual or entity to possess and utilize a piece of land in Nigeria.

This document plays a pivotal role in the country’s land tenure system, and there are various types of Certificates of Occupancy, each with its unique features and implications.

The Statutory Right of Occupancy is one of the most common types of C of O in Nigeria. It is issued under the provisions of the Land Use Act of 1978, which vests all lands in the country in the government. Individuals or entities seeking to acquire land must apply for this type of C of O.

The government grants the statutory right of occupancy for a specified term, typically 99 years, and the landholder is expected to comply with the terms and conditions outlined in the document.

  1. Statutory Right of Occupancy:
  1. Customary Right of Occupancy:

In areas where customary land tenure systems prevail, the Customary Right of Occupancy is applicable. This type of C of O recognizes and formalizes land rights based on customary practices. It is crucial for individuals to adhere to the customary rules of the community to obtain and maintain this right of occupancy. The Customary Right of Occupancy provides a legal framework for land ownership within the context of local customs and traditions.

  1. Deemed Grant:

The Deemed Grant of C of O occurs when an individual or entity has been in continuous and undisturbed possession of land for an extended period, typically 12 years.

In such cases, the law deems the government to have granted the occupier the right to the land. However, the conditions for a Deemed Grant vary, and it is essential for individuals to consult legal professionals to ensure compliance.

  1. Rural Certificate of Occupancy:

Specifically designed for rural areas, the Rural Certificate of Occupancy is a form of land title that aims to encourage agricultural and rural development.

It provides a legal basis for individuals to engage in agricultural activities and other developments in rural settings. The conditions for obtaining this type of C of O often involve demonstrating a commitment to rural development projects.

Challenges and Considerations:

While Certificates of Occupancy provide a legal framework for land ownership in Nigeria, there are challenges and considerations that individuals should be aware of.

Delays in the issuance of C of O, bureaucratic processes, and disputes over land ownership are common issues that can arise. It is crucial for individuals to navigate these challenges by seeking legal advice, conducting due diligence, and engaging with the appropriate land authorities.

Legal Compliance:

Compliance with the conditions outlined in the Certificate of Occupancy is paramount. Failure to adhere to the terms and obligations specified in the document can lead to revocation of the C of O. Regular inspections and assessments by relevant authorities may occur, underscoring the importance of continuous compliance.

Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria are instrumental in securing land rights and fostering responsible land use

Land Use Planning:

Certificates of Occupancy are also closely tied to land use planning. Zoning regulations, environmental considerations, and adherence to development plans are integral aspects that landholders must take into account. It is essential to ensure that any development on the land aligns with the stipulations set forth in the C of O and local planning regulations.

Professional Assistance:

Given the complexity of land laws and the potential challenges in the process, individuals are strongly advised to seek professional assistance. Legal experts specializing in real estate and land matters can provide invaluable guidance, ensuring that all legal requirements are met and potential pitfalls are avoided.

Future Developments:

The landscape of land tenure in Nigeria may undergo changes with evolving legislation and policies. Staying informed about any amendments to land laws and government policies is crucial for individuals holding Certificates of Occupancy. Adapting to these changes will help protect landholders’ rights and interests over time.

Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria are instrumental in securing land rights and fostering responsible land use. However, navigating the complexities of the land tenure system requires diligence, compliance, and a proactive approach. Whether acquiring a Statutory Right of Occupancy, adhering to Customary Land practices, or benefiting from a Deemed Grant, individuals should be aware of the challenges and considerations involved. Seeking professional assistance and staying informed about legal developments will contribute to a secure and sustainable land ownership experience in Nigeria.

▪︎Dennis Isong is a TOP REALTOR IN LAGOS.He Helps Nigerians in Diaspora to Own Property In Lagos Nigeria STRESS-FREE. For Questions WhatsApp/Call 2348164741041

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FG Launches Nationwide Training to Boost Livestock Extension Capacity

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The Federal Ministry of Livestock Development has begun a three-day national capacity-building programme aimed at upgrading the technical skills of Livestock Extension Officers from all 36 states and the FCT.

The workshop focuses on strengthening field advisory services and harmonising extension communication across the country.

Declaring the event open in Abuja, the Permanent Secretary, Dr. Chinyere Ijeoma Akujobi, represented by the Director of Livestock Extension and Business Development, Mr. Joseph Ako, reaffirmed the Ministry’s commitment to building a modern and commercially viable livestock sector capable of driving food security and economic diversification.

She described livestock extension officers as central to the sector’s transformation agenda, noting that they serve as the crucial link between research institutions and rural farmers.

Earlier in his welcome remarks, Mr. Ako encouraged participants to take full advantage of the intensive training sessions and emphasised that improved professional capacity among extension workers will translate into better support for livestock farmers nationwide.

The programme is anchored on the National Livestock Growth Acceleration Strategy, which places strong emphasis on effective extension services as a core pillar for boosting productivity, expanding modern production systems and promoting sustainable livestock management practices.

Meanwhile, participants will receive training in key thematic areas such as Good Animal Husbandry Practices, animal welfare, feed and nutrition, disease management, biosecurity, waste management, One Health principles, breeding and reproduction, humane handling, housing, record keeping and participatory extension methods.

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Osun PDP Congress: Thugs Arrested, Alleged Governor Makinde Mobilised Them

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Scores of Hoodlums Arrested, confessed Governor Makinde mobilised them. Members of the Oyo state chapter of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) dominated today’s governorship primaries of the PDP held at Osogbo, investigation and eyewitness accounts at the venue have revealed.

Buses filled with PDP members were seen entering from both Iwo and Ikire end of Osun state last night and early this morning with many of the buses stopping at Adolak hotel, the venue of the congress.

A check through the hall revealed that Osun PDP members were not in attendance even though the Ibadan based zonal youth leader of the PDP was identified as the anchor mobilised of the Oyo state PDP members for the Osun Congress.

A chat with some of the individuals at the Congress confirmed that they were mostly from Oyo state with some of them actually confirming that they were recruited to attend.

The presence of Police men and women from Oyo state who provided security cover for the mobilised party members.

Some political thugs were however arrested and they narrated how they were mobilised from the Government House in Oyo state.

On why Oyo PDP members had to be mobilised for the Osun Congress, a party chieftain from Oyo state who was also present said “Osun PDP did not conduct the mandatory three adhoc delegates to vote at the Congress.

“ So we fill the vacancies with our people from Oyo state. We cannot allow PDP to die here. That is why we have to so mobilise”, the source noted.

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President Tinubu Nominates Gen Christopher Musa as New Defence Minister

In a letter to Senate President Godswill Akpabio, President Tinubu conveyed General Musa’s nomination as the successor to Alhaji Mohammed Badaru Abubakar, who resigned on Monday.

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President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has nominated General Christopher Gwabin Musa as the new Minister of Defence.

In a letter to Senate President Godswill Akpabio, President Tinubu conveyed General Musa’s nomination as the successor to Alhaji Mohammed Badaru Abubakar, who resigned on Monday.

General Musa, 58, on December 25, is a distinguished soldier who served as Chief of Defence Staff from 2023 until October 2025. He won the Colin Powell Award for Soldiering in 2012.

Born in Sokoto in 1967, General Musa received his primary and secondary education there before attending the College of Advanced Studies in Zaria.

He graduated in 1986 and enrolled at the Nigerian Defence Academy the same year, earning a Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation in 1991.

General Musa was commissioned into the Nigerian Army as a Second Lieutenant in 1991 and has since had a distinguished career.

His appointments include General Staff Officer 1, Training/Operations at HQ 81 Division; Commanding Officer, 73 Battalion;

Assistant Director, Operational Requirements, Department of Army Policy and Plans; and Infantry Representative/Member, Training Team, HQ Nigerian Army Armour Corps.

In 2019, he served as Deputy Chief of Staff, Training/Operations, Headquarters Infantry Centre and Corps; Commander, Sector 3, Operation Lafiya Dole; and Commander, Sector 3 Multinational Joint Task Force in the Lake Chad Region.In 2021, General Musa was appointed Theatre Commander, Operation Hadin Kai.

He later became Commander of the Nigerian Army Infantry Corps before being appointed Chief of Defence Staff by President Tinubu in 2023.

In the letter to the Senate, President Tinubu expressed confidence in General Musa’s ability to lead the Ministry of Defence and further strengthen Nigeria’s security architecture.

Bayo OnanugaSpecial Adviser to the President,(Information and Strategy)December 2, 2025

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