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Understanding the Types of Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria by Dennis Isong
A Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) is a crucial legal document that establishes the right of an individual or entity to possess and utilize a piece of land in Nigeria.
This document plays a pivotal role in the country’s land tenure system, and there are various types of Certificates of Occupancy, each with its unique features and implications.
The Statutory Right of Occupancy is one of the most common types of C of O in Nigeria. It is issued under the provisions of the Land Use Act of 1978, which vests all lands in the country in the government. Individuals or entities seeking to acquire land must apply for this type of C of O.
The government grants the statutory right of occupancy for a specified term, typically 99 years, and the landholder is expected to comply with the terms and conditions outlined in the document.
- Statutory Right of Occupancy:
- Customary Right of Occupancy:
In areas where customary land tenure systems prevail, the Customary Right of Occupancy is applicable. This type of C of O recognizes and formalizes land rights based on customary practices. It is crucial for individuals to adhere to the customary rules of the community to obtain and maintain this right of occupancy. The Customary Right of Occupancy provides a legal framework for land ownership within the context of local customs and traditions.
- Deemed Grant:
The Deemed Grant of C of O occurs when an individual or entity has been in continuous and undisturbed possession of land for an extended period, typically 12 years.
In such cases, the law deems the government to have granted the occupier the right to the land. However, the conditions for a Deemed Grant vary, and it is essential for individuals to consult legal professionals to ensure compliance.
- Rural Certificate of Occupancy:
Specifically designed for rural areas, the Rural Certificate of Occupancy is a form of land title that aims to encourage agricultural and rural development.
It provides a legal basis for individuals to engage in agricultural activities and other developments in rural settings. The conditions for obtaining this type of C of O often involve demonstrating a commitment to rural development projects.
Challenges and Considerations:
While Certificates of Occupancy provide a legal framework for land ownership in Nigeria, there are challenges and considerations that individuals should be aware of.
Delays in the issuance of C of O, bureaucratic processes, and disputes over land ownership are common issues that can arise. It is crucial for individuals to navigate these challenges by seeking legal advice, conducting due diligence, and engaging with the appropriate land authorities.
Legal Compliance:
Compliance with the conditions outlined in the Certificate of Occupancy is paramount. Failure to adhere to the terms and obligations specified in the document can lead to revocation of the C of O. Regular inspections and assessments by relevant authorities may occur, underscoring the importance of continuous compliance.
Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria are instrumental in securing land rights and fostering responsible land use
Land Use Planning:
Certificates of Occupancy are also closely tied to land use planning. Zoning regulations, environmental considerations, and adherence to development plans are integral aspects that landholders must take into account. It is essential to ensure that any development on the land aligns with the stipulations set forth in the C of O and local planning regulations.
Professional Assistance:
Given the complexity of land laws and the potential challenges in the process, individuals are strongly advised to seek professional assistance. Legal experts specializing in real estate and land matters can provide invaluable guidance, ensuring that all legal requirements are met and potential pitfalls are avoided.
Future Developments:
The landscape of land tenure in Nigeria may undergo changes with evolving legislation and policies. Staying informed about any amendments to land laws and government policies is crucial for individuals holding Certificates of Occupancy. Adapting to these changes will help protect landholders’ rights and interests over time.
Certificates of Occupancy in Nigeria are instrumental in securing land rights and fostering responsible land use. However, navigating the complexities of the land tenure system requires diligence, compliance, and a proactive approach. Whether acquiring a Statutory Right of Occupancy, adhering to Customary Land practices, or benefiting from a Deemed Grant, individuals should be aware of the challenges and considerations involved. Seeking professional assistance and staying informed about legal developments will contribute to a secure and sustainable land ownership experience in Nigeria.
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Niger Speaker Lauds Army, DSS, and Security Agencies for Successfully Dislodging Bandits in the State
Speaker of the Niger State House of Assembly, Rt. Hon. Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkin-Daji, has commended the Nigerian Army, the Department of State Services (DSS), and other security agencies for what he described as remarkable successes recorded against bandits in Mariga LGA and parts of the Niger North senatorial district of the state.
The Speaker described the operation as a major breakthrough in the fight against insecurity in the state, noting that the bravery, professionalism, and commitment demonstrated by the security personnel resulted in the death of several bandits, while others were successfully arrested by the security agencies.
The Speaker’s commendation was contained in a statement issued on Sunday by the Assembly’s acting head, Directorate of Media and Public Relations, Mairo Adamu Mani.
The Speaker “stated that this decisive action has greatly weakened the activities of criminal elements in the affected areas and restored confidence among residents who had lived in fear for a long time,” noted the statement.
“Rt. Hon. Abdulmalik Mohammed Sarkin-Daji further praised the tireless efforts of the security agencies, especially special forces and DSS operatives, for their continuous sacrifices in protecting lives and property across Niger State and Nigeria at large.
The statement quoted the Speaker as commending the joint clearance operations by the Army and the DSS, which he said was based on intelligence, and resulted in the rescue of over 70 kidnapped persons in the state.
“He acknowledged the risks involved in such operations and expressed deep appreciation to the officers and men who put their lives on the line to ensure peace, stability, and the safety of citizens, especially in vulnerable communities.
“The Speaker assured the security agencies of the unwavering support and cooperation of the Niger State Government, emphasizing that the state will continue to provide all necessary assistance to strengthen security operations,” further stated the Assembly spokesman.
Niger state government, remarked the statement, “remains fully committed to working closely with all security stakeholders to ensure that the lingering challenges of insecurity are completely addressed and brought to an end.
“The Speaker “also appealed to all Nigerlites to remain calm, vigilant, and law-abiding, assuring them that the government considers the security of lives and property as its topmost priority.
“The Speaker encouraged residents to continue to support security agencies by providing credible and timely information that will aid ongoing and future operations aimed at sustaining peace and stability across the state,” the statement declared.
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President Tinubu Celebrates Fela Kuti’s Historic Posthumous Grammy.
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has hailed the posthumous conferment of the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on Afrobeat pioneer Fela Anikulapo-Kuti as a landmark recognition of African musical excellence and cultural influence.
In a personally signed statement issued today, the President described the honour bestowed by the Recording Academy during the Special Merit Awards Ceremony in Los Angeles on January 31 as a historic first for an African artist.
“The world of music has honoured a giant: Fela Anikulapo-Kuti,” President Tinubu declared. “Fela was more than a musician. He was a fearless voice of the people, a philosopher of freedom, and a revolutionary force whose music confronted injustice and reshaped the global sound.
“The award, presented alongside other legends including Whitney Houston, Cher, Chaka Khan, Carlos Santana, and Paul Simon, marks the first time an African musician has received this prestigious Lifetime Achievement honour.
Fela’s family, including children Yeni, Kunle, Shalewa, and Femi Kuti, accepted the award on his behalf.President Tinubu emphasized Fela’s enduring legacy, noting that his courage, creativity, and conviction not only defined a generation but continue to inspire artists, activists, and audiences worldwide.
Invoking Yoruba cultural reverence, he added: “In Yoruba mythology, he has transcended to a higher plane as an Orisa. He is now eternal.
“The President highlighted Fela’s creation of Afrobeat a powerful fusion of African rhythms, jazz, funk, and highlife infused with sharp social and political commentary and its profound impact on contemporary music.
“He defined Afrobeat, and you can hear and see his influence in generations of Nigerian musicians, in the global rise of Afrobeats, and far beyond,” Tinubu stated.
He described the Grammy recognition as “an affirmation of his enduring global influence and the foundational role he has played in the evolution and impact of Africa on modern music.”
This latest honour builds on prior accolades, including the 2025 induction of Fela’s seminal 1976 album Zombie into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Nearly three decades after his death in 1997, Fela’s music and activism remain a symbol of resistance and cultural pride. President Tinubu’s tribute underscores national pride in the icon’s global validation.
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Tinubu returns to Abuja from Ankara State Visit
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has returned to Abuja after concluding a successful state visit to Türkiye, where he held high-level talks with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and signed multiple bilateral agreements.
The President arrived in Abuja on Saturday evening, January 31, 2026, around 8:30–8:55 p.m. local time, following his departure from Türkiye.
Tinubu departed Abuja on Monday, January 26, 2026, for the state visit to Ankara, Türkiye’s capital.
The trip focused on strengthening Nigeria-Türkiye relations in areas including trade, defense, security, energy, education, media, and technical cooperation.
Key highlights included the signing of nine Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs), aimed at boosting economic ties, defense collaboration (including potential training for Nigerian Special Forces), and a targeted increase in bilateral trade volume. Both leaders described the engagements as ushering in a “new era” of strategic partnership.
The visit drew public attention, including an incident during the official welcome ceremony in Ankara where President Tinubu briefly stumbled but continued without issue, with aides confirming he was in good health.
Upon his return, focus now shifts to implementing the signed agreements, including the activation of joint committees on trade and other sectors.
The Presidency has emphasized the visit’s role in advancing Nigeria’s diplomatic and economic interests on the global stage.
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