Business
How were Donald Trump’s tariffs calculated?
In total, more than 100 countries are covered by the new tariff regime.
Charts credit: White House/ BBC Verify
US President Donald Trump has imposed a 10% tariff on goods from most countries being imported into the US, with even higher rates for what he calls the ”worst offenders”.
But how exactly were these tariffs – essentially taxes on imports – worked out? BBC Verify has been looking at the calculations behind the numbers.
What were the calculations?
When Trump presented a giant cardboard chart detailing the tariffs in the White House Rose Garden it was initially assumed that the charges were based on a combination of existing tariffs and other trade barriers (like regulations).
But later, the White House published what might look like a complicated mathematical formula.


But the actual exercise boiled down to simple maths: take the trade deficit for the US in goods with a particular country, divide that by the total goods imports from that country and then divide that number by two.
A trade deficit occurs when a country buys (imports) more physical products from other countries than it sells (exports) to them.
For example, the US buys more goods from China than it sells to them – there is a goods deficit of $295bn.
The total amount of goods it buys from China is $440bn. Dividing 295 by 440 gets you to 67% and you divide that by two and round up. Therefore the tariff imposed on China is 34%.
Similarly, when it applied to the EU, the White House’s formula resulted in a 20% tariff.
Are the Trump tariffs ‘reciprocal’?
Many commentators have pointed out that these tariffs are not reciprocal.
Reciprocal would mean they were based on what countries already charge the US in the form of existing tariffs, plus non-tariff barriers (things like regulations that drive up costs).
But the White House’s official methodology document makes clear that they have not calculated this for all the countries on which they have imposed tariffs.
Instead the tariff rate was calculated on the basis that it would eliminate the US’s goods trade deficit with each country.
Trump has broken away from the formula in imposing tariffs on countries that buy more goods from the US than they sell to it.
For example the US does not currently run goods trade deficit with the UK. Yet the UK has been hit with a 10% tariff.
In total, more than 100 countries are covered by the new tariff regime.‘
Lots of broader impacts’Trump believes the US is getting a bad deal in global trade.
In his view, other countries flood US markets with cheap goods – which hurts US companies and costs jobs.
At the same time, these countries are putting up barriers that make US products less competitive abroad.So by using tariffs to eliminate trade deficits, Trump hopes to revive US manufacturing and protect jobs.
But will this new tariff regime achieve the desired outcome?
BBC Verify has spoken to a number of economists. The overwhelming view is that while the tariffs might reduce the goods deficit between the US and individual countries, they will not reduce the overall deficit between the US and rest of the world.
“Yes, it will reduce bilateral trade deficits between the US and these countries.
But there will obviously be lots of broader impacts that are not captured in the calculation”, says Professor Jonathan Portes of King’s College, London.
That’s because the US’ existing overall deficit is not driven solely by trade barriers, but by how the US economy works.For one,
Americans spend and invest more than they earn and that gap means the US buys more from the world than it sells. So as long as that continues, the US may continue to keep running a deficit despite increasing tariffs with it global trading partners.
Some trade deficits can also exist for a number of legitimate reasons – not just down to tariffs. For example, buying food that is easier or cheaper to produce in other countries’ climates.
Thomas Sampson of the London School of Economics said: “The formula is reverse engineered to rationalise charging tariffs on countries with which the US has a trade deficit.
There is no economic rationale for doing this and it will cost the global economy dearly.”
Business
NAFDAC’s Ban on sachets alcohol: Is Govt ready to take the heat?
The Association emphasised that the ban would likely lead to the “Loss of over N1.9 trillion in investments, primarily from indigenous Nigerian companies.
The Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) has said that the government’s move to ban the production and sale of alcoholic beverages packaged in sachets and small PET bottles, effective December 31, 2025, will have severe repercussions on the economy.
” This announcement by the NAFDAC, in our view, is counterproductive and threatens to disrupt the economy significantly at a time when it is beginning to stabilise,” said the Association through its Director-General, Ajayi-Kadir.
The Association emphasised that the ban would likely lead to the “Loss of over N1.9 trillion in investments, primarily from indigenous Nigerian companies.
• Mass retrenchment of over 500,000 direct employees and approximately 5 million indirect employees through contracts, marketing, and logistics.”
Ajayi-Kadir said that the earlier directive from the Ministry of Health for a one-year extension, which included the consideration and validation of the draft National Alcohol Policy by stakeholders, should have been taken into account before any significant announcement from another government body.
“We believe that a consultation with whether through a public hearing or focused meetings with relevant parties in the alcohol beverage industry, should have been conducted by the appropriate Senate Committee before an outright ban was imposed.
This approach was successfully followed by the House of Representatives in the recent past,” he stated.
Ajayi-Kadir highlighted that issues related to the ban on alcohol in sachets and small PET bottles were addressed by a broad committee that included all stakeholders, along with NAFDAC representatives, who validated the National Alcohol Policy in October 2025. The committee made the following key recommendations:
• Develop multi-sectoral action plans.- Strengthen enforcement by law enforcement agencies
• Establish licensed liquor stores/outlets in Local Government Areas nationwide.
• Increase monitoring and compliance checks by NAFDAC, FCCPC, and others to ensure product quality and safety.
• Regulatory bodies should focus more on regulation, monitoring, and educational campaigns to inform stakeholders and the public about the dangers of underage alcohol consumption and its sale in motor parks.
• Conduct educational campaigns in secondary schools across the country to raise awareness among students about the dangers and issues related to alcohol abuse.
Furthermore, we would like to note that the unfounded and untested claim of abuse by minors has been challenged by several independent studies conducted by the government.
The industry has proactively launched campaigns promoting responsible alcohol consumption to discourage underage abuse, resulting in expenditures exceeding one billion Naira on media outreach across the nation, which has effectively just underage drinking.
Ajayi-Kadir also stressed that the Senate’s directive for an outright ban is unjust and does not reflect the industry’s true conditions, as it seems the upper chamber has only considered NAFDAC’s perspective.
NAFDAC was part of the validation organised by the Ministry of Health, and it should have presented its views to the Committee and the Ministry during that process, rather than circumventing these channels and approaching the National Assembly without consulting other stakeholders.
Business
Following Lagos, FG moves to ban single-use plastics
In his inaugural address, the SGF, George Akume, stated that the initiative aligned with Nigeria’s commitment to global environmental standards.
The Federal Government has commenced the process to ban single-use plastics, inaugurating a committee to steer the policy.
Lagos government began fully enforcement ban on single-use plastics (SUPs), including styrofoam packs, plastic straws, disposable cups, plastic cutlery, and nylons less than 40 microns thick, on July 1, 2025.
The Office of the Secretary to the Government of the Federation (SGF) , yesterday , set up an Inter-Ministerial Committee on the Ban of Single-Use Plastics (SUPs).
Earlier, the Federal Executive Council (FEC) during its meeting on June 25, 2024, approved the ban , specifically targeting Polyethene Terephthalate (PET) bottles, styrofoam food packs, plastic shopping bags, sachet water packaging, and plastic straws.
In his inaugural address, the SGF, George Akume, stated that the initiative aligned with Nigeria’s commitment to global environmental standards.
He said: “The FEC decision was in line with the Federal Government’s efforts to tackle various health and environmental challenges, especially those caused by single-use plastic products and therefore, approved the ban in the country of polyethene terephthalate (PET) bottles, styrofoam, plastic bags, sachet water and straw, which has become an environmental sanitation challenge.”
Business
UBA commits $102m direct investments in Chad’s securities
Themed “Financing African Competitiveness – Building Bridges, Powering Progress,” the forum highlighted investment opportunities under Chad’s $30 billion Tchad Connexion 2030 development blueprint.
•Oliver Alawuba, GMD UBA
United Bank for Africa (UBA) Plc has announced a $102 million direct investment in the State of Chad’s securities in an efforts to strengthen economic growth and financial inclusion across Africa.
The announcement was made by UBA Group Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer, Oliver Alawuba, during his keynote address at the UAE–Chad Trade and Investment Forum held on Monday, November 10, 2025, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Themed “Financing African Competitiveness – Building Bridges, Powering Progress,” the forum highlighted investment opportunities under Chad’s $30 billion Tchad Connexion 2030 development blueprint.
According to Alawuba, the $102 million investment underscored UBA’s confidence in Chad’s economic potential and demonstrates its long-term commitment to financing sustainable development on the continent.
“At UBA, our commitment is two-fold: we are both architects of national infrastructure and champions of grassroots financial inclusion,” he said. “Here in Chad, this is not a promise; it is a proven track record.”
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